Development and challenges of urban hydrology in a changing environment:Ⅱ:Urban stormwater modeling and management
SONG Xiaomeng1,2, ZHANG Jianyun1,2, WANG Guoqing1,2, HE Ruimin1,2, WANG Xiaojun1,2
1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China;
2. Research Center for Climate Change, Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing 210029, China
Abstract:Cities are suffering from extremely heavy rain and urban waterlogging disaster in recent years, due to the change in the natural hydrologic processes impacted by global climate change and rapid urbanization. The development and application of precipitation observation and forecasting, calculation methods for runoff generation and flow concentration, and urban stormwater simulation techniques are reviewed in the context of hydrological processing and modeling. The features, applicability and limitations of these techniques are discussed. The shortcomings and gaps of approaches on urban stormwater modeling, such as the lack of knowledge and the data to understand the response mechanism of the rainfall-runoff processes in the urban areas, are pointed out. The conceptual framework and flowchart for urban stormwater modeling is presented. Viewing from the prospective of rainwater utilization, essential principles and strategies on the urban stormwater management are presented, and the techniques and measures are also discussed. Then, the main future development direction and challenges in urban stormwater modeling and management are highlighted. Further research into the high spatio-temporal resolution observation and forecasting of urban rainfall are required to improve storm-term rainfall prediction. The performance of urban stormwater modeling technologies remain poorly quantified, which need a multisource information-fusion-based approach to the efficient estimation of urban runoff. The mechanism also remains poorly understood, which need much more research to understand the rainfall-runoff response relationship in the urban areas. In addition, urban stormwater is now increasingly regarded as a resource. The methods of harvesting, utilization and management of urban stormwater also need to pay more attention to, which imposes a requirement to ensure that stormwater management systems are adaptable and resilient to changes.
宋晓猛, 张建云, 王国庆, 贺瑞敏, 王小军. 变化环境下城市水文学的发展与挑战——Ⅱ.城市雨洪模拟与管理[J]. 水科学进展, 2014, 25(5): 752-764.
SONG Xiaomeng, ZHANG Jianyun, WANG Guoqing, HE Ruimin, WANG Xiaojun. Development and challenges of urban hydrology in a changing environment:Ⅱ:Urban stormwater modeling and management. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(5): 752-764.
GRANT S B, SAPHORES J D, FELDMAN D L, et al. Taking the ""waste"" out of ""wastewater"" for human water security and ecosystem sustainability [J]. Science, 2012, 337(6095): 681-686.
[2]
BLOOM D E, CANNING D, FINK G. Urbanization and the wealth of nations [J]. Science, 2008, 319(5864): 772-775.
[3]
张建云,宋晓猛,王国庆,等.变化环境下城市水文学的发展与挑战:I:城市水文效应[J]. 水科学进展, 2014, 25(4): 594-605. (ZHANG Jianyun, SONG Xiaomeng, WANG Guoqing, et al. Development and challenges of urban hydrology in a changing environment: I: hydrological response to urbanization [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(4): 594-605. (in Chinese))
[4]
胡伟贤,何文华,黄国如,等.城市雨洪模拟技术研究进展[J].水科学进展,2010,21(1): 137-144. (HU Weixian, HE Wenhua, HUANG Guoru, et al. Review of urban storm water simulation techniques [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2010, 21(1): 137-144. (in Chinese))
[5]
宋晓猛,张建云,占车生,等.气候变化和人类活动对水文循环影响研究进展[J].水利学报, 2013, 44(7): 779-790. (SONG Xiaomeng, ZHANG Jianyun, ZHAN Chesheng, et al. Review for impacts of climate change and human activities on water cycle [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2013, 44(7): 779-790. (in Chinese))
[6]
HALLEGATTE S, GREEN C, NICHOLLS R J, et al. Future flood losses in major coastal cities [J]. Nature Climate Change, 2013, 3(9): 802-806.
[7]
HIRABAYASHI Y, MAHENDRAN R, KOIRALA S, et al. Global flood risk under climate change [J]. Nature Climate Change, 2013, 3(9): 816-821.
[8]
WOODRUFF J D, IRISH J L, CAMARGO S J. Coastal flooding by tropical cyclones and sea-level rise [J]. Nature, 2013, 504(7478): 44-52.
[9]
FLETCHER T D, ANDRIEU H, HAMEL P. Understanding, management and modeling of urban hydrology and its consequences for receiving waters: A state of the art [J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2013, 51: 261-279.
[10]
NIEMCZYNOWICZ J. Urban hydrology and water management: Present and future challenges [J]. Urban Water, 1999, 1: 1-14.
[11]
SENE K. Flash floods: Forecasting and warning [M]. London: Springer, 2013.
[12]
BERNE A, DELRIEU G, CREUTIN J-D, et al. Temporal and spatial resolution of rainfall measurements required for urban hydrology [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, 299(3/4): 166-179.
[13]
EINFALT T, ARNBJERG-NIELSEN K, GOLZ C, et al. Towards a roadmap for use of radar rainfall data in urban drainage [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, 299(3/4): 186-202.
[14]
SCHILLING W. Rainfall data for urban hydrology: What do we need? [J]. Atmospheric Research, 1991, 27: 5-21.
[15]
LANZA R, STAGI L. High resolution performance of catching type rain gauges from the laboratory phase of the WMO Field Intercomparison of rain intensity gauges [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2009, 94: 555-563.
[16]
EMMANUEL I, ANDRIEU H, LEBLOIS E, et al. Temporal and spatial variability of rainfall at the urban hydrological scale [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2012, 430/431: 162-172.
[17]
BERNE A, KRAJEWSKI W F. Radar for hydrology: Unfulfilled promise or unrecognized potential? [J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2013, 51: 357-366.
[18]
KRAJEWSKI W F, SMITH J A. Radar hydrology: Rainfall estimation [J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2002, 25: 1387-1394.
[19]
杨扬,张建云,戚建国,等.雷达测雨及其在水文中应用的回顾与展望[J].水科学进展, 2000, 11(1): 92-98. (YANG Yang, ZHANG Jianyun, QI Jianguo, et al. Review and prospect on the application of weather radar in hydrology[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2000, 11(1): 92-98. (in Chinese))
[20]
UPTON G J G, HOLT A R, CUMMINGS R J, et al. Microwave links: The future for urban rainfall measurement? [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2005, 77: 300-312.
[21]
OVEREEM A, LEIJNSE H, UIJLENHOET R. Measuring urban rainfall using microwave links from commercial cellular communication networks [J]. Water Resources Research, 2011, 47: W12505.
[22]
FENICIA F, PFISTER L, KAVETSKI D, et al. Microwave links for rainfall estimation in an urban environment: Insights from an experimental setup in Luxembourg-city [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2012, 464/465: 69-78.
[23]
杨云川,程根伟,范继辉,等.卫星降雨数据在高山峡谷地区的代表性与可靠性[J].水科学进展,2013, 24(1): 24-33. (YANG Yunchuan, CHENG Genwei, FAN Jihui, et al. Representativeness and reliability of satellite rainfall dataset in alpine and gorge region [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2013, 24(1): 24-33. (in Chinese))
[24]
张建云.中国水文预报技术发展的回顾与思考[J].水科学进展,2010,21(4):435-443. (ZHANG Jianyun. Review and reflection on China's hydrological forecasting techniques[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2010, 21(4):435-443. (in Chinese))
[25]
WRIGHT D B, SMITH J A, VILLARINI G, et al. Long-term high-resolution radar rainfall fields for urban hydrology [J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2013.[doi:10.1111/jawr.12139]
[26]
NIELSEN J E, THORNDAHL S, RASMUSSEN M R. A numerical method to generate high temporal resolution precipitation time series by combining weather radar measurements with a nowcast model [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2014, 138: 1-12.
[27]
陈明轩,俞小鼎,谭晓光,等.对流天气临近预报技术的发展与研究进展[J].应用气象学报,2004,15(6): 754-766. (CHEN Mingxuan, YU Xiaoding, TAN Xiaoguang, et al. A brief review on the development of nowcasting for convective storms [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2004, 15(6): 754-766. (in Chinese))
[28]
宗志平,代刊,蒋星.定量降水预报技术研究进展[J].气象科技进展,2012, 2(5): 29-35. (ZONG Zhiping, DAI Kan, JIANG Xing. The research progress of quantitative precipitation forecast[J]. Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology, 2012, 2(5): 29-35. (in Chinese))
[29]
ACHLEITNER S, FACH S, EINFALT T, et al. Nowcasting of rainfall and of combined sewage flow in urban drainage systems [J]. Water Science and Technology, 2009, 59: 1145-1151.
[30]
LIGUORI S, RICO-RAMIREZ M A, SCHELLART A N A, et al. Using probabilistic radar rainfall nowcasts and NEP forecasts for flow prediction in urban catchments[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2012, 103: 80-95.
[31]
CHANG F J, CHIANG Y M, TSAI M J, et al. Watershed rainfall forecasting using neuro-fuzzy networks with assimilation of multi-sensor information[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2014, 508: 374-384.
[32]
VASILOFF S, SEO D J, HOWARD K, et al. Improving QPE and very short term QPE [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2007, 88(12): 1899-1911.
[33]
徐向阳,刘俊,郝庆庆,等.城市暴雨积水过程的模拟[J].水科学进展, 2003, 14(2): 193-196. (XU Xiangyang, LIU Jun, HAO Qingqing, et al. Simulation of urban storm water logging [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2003, 14(2): 193-196. (in Chinese))
[34]
张小娜.城市雨水管网暴雨洪水计算模型研制及应用[D].南京:河海大学,2007. (ZHANG Xiaona. Development and application of the storm flood computation model for urban storm-water[D]. Nanjing: Hohai University, 2007. (in Chinese))
[35]
岑国平,沈晋,范荣生,等.城市地面产流的试验研究[J].水利学报,1997 (10): 47-52. (CENG Guoping, SHEN Jin, FAN Rongsheng, et al. Experimental study on urban surface runoff yield [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1997 (10): 47-52. (in Chinese))
[36]
SHUSTER W D, PAPPAS E, ZHANG Y. Laboratory-scale simulation of runoff response from pervious-impervious systems [J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2008, 13(9): 886-893.
[37]
任伯帜.城市设计暴雨及雨水径流计算模型研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2004. (REN Bozhi. Study on the urban design rainstorm and rainfall runoff calculation model [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2004.(in Chinese))
[38]
MARK O, WEESAKUL S, APIRUMANEKUL C, et al. Potential and limitations of 1-D modeling of urban flooding [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, 299(3/4): 284-299.
[39]
SCHMITT T G, THOMAS M, ETTRICH N. Analysis and modeling of flooding in urban drainage systems [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, 299(3/4): 300-311.
[40]
MIGNOT E, PAQUIER A, HAIDER S. Modeling floods in a dense urban area using 2-D shallow water equations [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2006, 327(1/2): 186-199.
[41]
LI Weifeng, CHEN Qiuwen, MAO Jingqiao. Development of 1-D and 2-D coupled model to simulate urban inundation: An application to Beijing Olympic Village [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54(9): 1613-1621.
[42]
REN B, ZHANG X, ZHOU H. The urban unsteady and non-pressure rain pipe flow routing by the dynamical-wave method [J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2012, 212/213: 593-599.
[43]
SINGH V P, WOOLHISER D A. Mathematical modeling of watershed hydrology [J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2002, 7(4): 270-292.
[44]
ZOPPOU C. Review of urban storm water models [J]. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2007, 16: 195-231.
[45]
CANTONE J, SCHMIDT A. Improved understanding and prediction of the hydrologic response of highly urbanized catchments through development of the Illinois urban hydrologic model [J]. Water Resources Research, 2011, 47: W08538.
[46]
黄国如,吴思远.基于InfoWorks CS的雨水利用措施对城市雨洪影响的模拟研究[J]. 水电能源科学,2013, 31(5): 1-4, 17. (HUANG Guoru, WU Siyuan. Simulation study on effect of rainwater utilization measures on urban stormwater based on InfoWorks CS [J]. Water Resources and Power, 2013, 31(5): 1-4, 17. (in Chinese))
[47]
岑国平.城市雨水径流计算模型[J].水利学报, 1990(10): 68-75. (CEN Guoping. A model to simulate stormwater runoff in urban area [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1990(10): 68-75. (in Chinese))
[48]
周玉文, 赵洪宾. 城市雨水径流模型研究[J]. 中国给水排水, 1997, 13(4): 4-6. (ZHOU Yuwen, ZHAO Hongbin. A study on urban storm runoff model [J]. China Water and Wastewater, 1997, 13(4): 4-6. (in Chinese))
[49]
解以扬,李大鸣,李培彦,等.城市暴雨内涝数学模型的研究与应用[J].水科学进展,2005, 16(3): 384-390. (XIE Yiyang, LI Daming, LI Peiyan, et al. Research and application of the mathematical model for urban rainstorm waterlogging [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2005, 16(3): 384-390. (in Chinese))
[50]
徐向阳. 平原城市雨洪过程模拟[J]. 水利学报, 1998(8): 34-37. (XU Xiangyang. Simulation of storm runoff process for plain urban [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1998 (8): 34-37. (in Chinese))
[51]
耿艳芬.城市雨洪的水动力耦合模型研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006. (GEN Yanfen. A Coupled hydraulic numerical models on the urban rain flood [D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2006. (in Chinese))
[52]
王静,李娜,程晓陶.城市洪涝仿真模型的改进与应用[J].水利学报,2010,41(12):1393-1400. (WANG Jing, LI Na, CHENG Xiaotao. Improvement and application of numerical model for the simulation of flooding in urban area [J]. Journal Hydraulic Engineering, 2010, 41(12):1393-1400. (in Chinese))
[53]
宋晓猛,占车生,孔凡哲,等.大尺度水循环模拟系统不确定性研究进展[J].地理学报,2011,66(3): 396-406. (SONG Xiaomeng, ZHAN Chesheng, KONG Fanzhe, et al. A review on uncertainty analysis of large-scale hydrological cycle modeling system[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(3): 396-406. (in Chinese))
[54]
BARCO J, WONG K M, STENSTROM M K. Automatic calibration of the US EPA SWMM model for a large urban catchment [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2008, 134: 466-474.
[55]
DOTTO C, DELETIC A, FLETCHER T D, et al. Calibration and sensitivity analysis of urban drainage models: MUSIC rainfall/runoff module and a simple stormwater quality model [J]. Australia Journal of Water Resources, 2011, 15: 85-94.
[56]
THORNDAHL S, BEVEN K J, JENSEN J B, et al. Event based uncertainty assessment in urban drainage modeling, applying the GLUE methodology [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 357: 421-437.
[57]
KHU S T, DI P F, SAVIC D, et al. Incorporating spatial and temporal information for urban drainage model calibration: An approach using preference ordering gensetic algorithm [J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2006, 29: 1168-1181.
[58]
DELETIC A, DOTTO C B S, MCCARTHY D T, et al. Assessing uncertainties in urban drainage models[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2012, 42/43/44: 3-10.
[59]
SEMADENI-DAVIES A, HERNEBRING C, SVENSSON G, et al. The impacts of climate change and urbanization on drainage in Hesingborg, Sweden: Suburban stormwater [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 350: 114-125.
[60]
GRIMM N B, FAETH S H, GOLUBIEWSKI N E, et al. Global change and the ecology of cities[J]. Science, 2008, 319(5864): 756-760.
[61]
孙艳伟,魏晓妹,POMEROY C A. 低影响发展的雨洪资源调控措施研究现状与展望[J].水科学进展, 2011, 22(2): 287-293. (SUN Yanwei, WEI Xiaomei, POMEROY C A. Review of current research and future directions of low impact development practices for storm water [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2011, 22(2): 287-293. (in Chinese))
[62]
贾海峰,姚海蓉,唐颖,等.城市降雨径流控制LID BMPs规划方法及案例[J]. 水科学进展, 2014, 25(2): 260-267. (JIANG Haifeng, YAO Hairong, TANG Ying, et al. Urban runoff control LID BMPs planning methodology and case study [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(2): 260-267. (in Chinese))
[63]
许萍,张丽,张雅君,等.中国低影响开发城市雨水管理模式推广策略[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2012,34(增刊1):165-169. (XU Ping, ZHANG Li, ZHANG Yajun, et al. Extension strategy of low impact development city rainwater management pattern in China [J]. Journal of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, 2012, 34(Suppl 1.): 165-169. (in Chinese))
[64]
潘安君,张书函,孟庆义,等.北京城市雨洪管理初步构想[J].中国给水排水,2009, 25(22): 9-12. (PAN Anjun, ZHANG Shuhan, MENG Qingyi, et al. Initial concept of stormwater and flood management in Beijing city[J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2009, 25(22): 9-12. (in Chinese))
[65]
MCDONALD R I, GREEN P, BALK D, et al. Urban growth, climate change, and freshwater availability[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Stated of America, 2013, 108(15): 6312-6317.